Canadian Grade 12 Mathematics Textbook Pdf

Skills available for Ontario grade 12 math curriculum

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• Ontario Curriculum: Grade 12 Advanced Functions, University Preparation Ontario Curriculum: Grade 12 Advanced Functions, University Preparation
• Ontario Curriculum: Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors, University Preparation Ontario Curriculum: Grade 12 Calculus and Vectors, University Preparation
• Ontario Curriculum: Grade 12 Foundations for College Mathematics, College Preparation Ontario Curriculum: Grade 12 Foundations for College Mathematics, College Preparation
• Ontario Curriculum: Grade 12 Mathematics for College Technology, College Preparation Ontario Curriculum: Grade 12 Mathematics for College Technology, College Preparation
• Ontario Curriculum: Grade 12 Mathematics for Work and Everyday Life, Workplace Preparation Ontario Curriculum: Grade 12 Mathematics for Work and Everyday Life, Workplace Preparation
• Ontario Curriculum: Grade 12 Mathematics of Data Management, University Preparation Ontario Curriculum: Grade 12 Mathematics of Data Management, University Preparation

12.A Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

• 12.A.1 demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between exponential expressions and logarithmic expressions, evaluate logarithms, and apply the laws of logarithms to simplify numeric expressions;

  • 12.A.1.1 recognize the logarithm of a number to a given base as the exponent to which the base must be raised to get the number, recognize the operation of finding the logarithm to be the inverse operation (i.e., the undoing or reversing) of exponentiation, and evaluate simple logarithmic expressions

    • Convert between exponential and logarithmic form: rational bases ( 12-F.1 )
    • Evaluate logarithms ( 12-F.2 )
    • Change of base formula ( 12-F.3 )
    • Evaluate logarithms: mixed review ( 12-F.9 )

  • 12.A.1.2 determine, with technology, the approximate logarithm of a number to any base, including base 10 (e.g., by reasoning that log base 3 of 29 is between 3 and 4 and using systematic trial to determine that log base 3 of 29 is approximately 3.07)

    • Evaluate logarithms ( 12-F.2 )
    • Evaluate logarithms: mixed review ( 12-F.9 )

  • 12.A.1.3 make connections between related logarithmic and exponential equations (e.g., log base 5 of 125 = 3 can also be expressed as 5³ = 125), and solve simple exponential equations by rewriting them in logarithmic form (e.g., solving 3 to the xth power = 10 by rewriting the equation as log base 3 of 10 = x)

    • Convert between exponential and logarithmic form: rational bases ( 12-F.1 )
    • Solve exponential equations using common logarithms ( 12-G.5 )

  • 12.A.1.4 make connections between the laws of exponents and the laws of logarithms [e.g., use the statement 10 to the a + b power = 10 to the a power times 10 to the b power to deduce that log base 10 of x + log base 10 of y = log base 10 of (xy)], verify the laws of logarithms with or without technology (e.g., use patterning to verify the quotient law for logarithms by evaluating expressions such as log base 10 of 1000 – log base 10 of 100 and then rewriting the answer as a logarithmic term to the same base), and use the laws of logarithms to simplify and evaluate numerical expressions

    • Change of base formula ( 12-F.3 )
    • Identify properties of logarithms ( 12-F.4 )
    • Product property of logarithms ( 12-F.5 )
    • Quotient property of logarithms ( 12-F.6 )
    • Power property of logarithms ( 12-F.7 )
    • Properties of logarithms: mixed review ( 12-F.8 )

• 12.A.2 identify and describe some key features of the graphs of logarithmic functions, make connections among the numeric, graphical, and algebraic representations of logarithmic functions, and solve related problems graphically;

  • 12.A.2.1 determine, through investigation with technology (e.g., graphing calculator, spreadsheet) and without technology, key features (i.e., vertical and horizontal asymptotes, domain and range, intercepts, increasing/decreasing behaviour) of the graphs of logarithmic functions of the form f(x) = log base b of x, and make connections between the algebraic and graphical representations of these logarithmic functions

    • Domain and range of exponential and logarithmic functions ( 12-G.1 )

  • 12.A.2.2 recognize the relationship between an exponential function and the corresponding logarithmic function to be that of a function and its inverse, deduce that the graph of a logarithmic function is the reflection of the graph of the corresponding exponential function in the line y = x, and verify the deduction using technology

  • 12.A.2.3 determine, through investigation using technology, the roles of the parameters d and c in functions of the form y = log base 10 of (x – d) + c and the roles of the parameters a and k in functions of the form y = alog base 10 of (kx), and describe these roles in terms of transformations on the graph of f(x) = log base 10 of x (i.e., vertical and horizontal translations; reflections in the axes; vertical and horizontal stretches and compressions to and from the x- and y-axes)

  • 12.A.2.4 pose problems based on real-world applications of exponential and logarithmic functions (e.g., exponential growth and decay, the Richter scale, the pH scale, the decibel scale), and solve these and other such problems by using a given graph or a graph generated with technology from a table of values or from its equation

    • Exponential growth and decay: word problems ( 12-G.11 )
    • Compound interest: word problems ( 12-G.12 )
    • Continuously compounded interest: word problems ( 12-G.13 )

• 12.A.3 solve exponential and simple logarithmic equations in one variable algebraically, including those in problems arising from real-world applications.

  • 12.A.3.1 recognize equivalent algebraic expressions involving logarithms and exponents, and simplify expressions of these types

    • Convert between exponential and logarithmic form: rational bases ( 12-F.1 )
    • Evaluate logarithms ( 12-F.2 )
    • Change of base formula ( 12-F.3 )
    • Identify properties of logarithms ( 12-F.4 )
    • Product property of logarithms ( 12-F.5 )
    • Quotient property of logarithms ( 12-F.6 )
    • Power property of logarithms ( 12-F.7 )
    • Properties of logarithms: mixed review ( 12-F.8 )
    • Evaluate logarithms: mixed review ( 12-F.9 )

  • 12.A.3.2 solve exponential equations in one variable by determining a common base (e.g., solve 4 to the x power= 8 to the x + 3 power by expressing each side as a power of 2) and by using logarithms (e.g., solve 4 = 8 by taking the logarithm base 2 of both sides), recognizing that logarithms base 10 are commonly used (e.g., solving 3 to the x power = 7 by taking the logarithm base 10 of both sides)

    • Solve exponential equations by rewriting the base ( 12-G.4 )
    • Solve exponential equations using common logarithms ( 12-G.5 )

  • 12.A.3.3 solve simple logarithmic equations in one variable algebraically [e.g., log base 3 of(5x + 6) = 2, log base 10 of (x + 1) = 1]

    • Solve logarithmic equations I ( 12-G.6 )
    • Solve logarithmic equations II ( 12-G.7 )

  • 12.A.3.4 solve problems involving exponential and logarithmic equations algebraically, including problems arising from real-world applications

    • Solve exponential equations by rewriting the base ( 12-G.4 )
    • Solve exponential equations using common logarithms ( 12-G.5 )
    • Solve logarithmic equations I ( 12-G.6 )
    • Solve logarithmic equations II ( 12-G.7 )
    • Exponential growth and decay: word problems ( 12-G.11 )
    • Compound interest: word problems ( 12-G.12 )
    • Continuously compounded interest: word problems ( 12-G.13 )

12.B Trigonometric Functions

• 12.B.1 demonstrate an understanding of the meaning and application of radian measure;

  • 12.B.1.1 recognize the radian as an alternative unit to the degree for angle measurement, define the radian measure of an angle as the length of the arc that subtends this angle at the centre of a unit circle, and develop and apply the relationship between radian and degree measure

    • Convert between radians and degrees ( 12-N.1 )
    • Radians and arc length ( 12-N.2 )

  • 12.B.1.2 represent radian measure in terms of pi (e.g., pi/3 radians, 2pi radians) and as a rational number (e.g., 1.05 radians, 6.28 radians)

    • Convert between radians and degrees ( 12-N.1 )
    • Radians and arc length ( 12-N.2 )

  • 12.B.1.3 determine, with technology, the primary trigonometric ratios (i.e., sine, cosine, tangent) and the reciprocal trigonometric ratios (i.e., cosecant, secant, cotangent) of angles expressed in radian measure

    • Find trigonometric ratios using reference angles ( 12-N.7 )

  • 12.B.1.4 determine, without technology, the exact values of the primary trigonometric ratios and the reciprocal trigonometric ratios for the special angles 0, pi/6, pi/4, pi/3, pi/2, and their multiples less than or equal to 2pi

    • Quadrants ( 12-N.3 )
    • Coterminal and reference angles ( 12-N.4 )
    • Find trigonometric ratios using right triangles ( 12-N.5 )
    • Find trigonometric ratios using the unit circle ( 12-N.6 )
    • Find trigonometric ratios using reference angles ( 12-N.7 )

• 12.B.2 make connections between trigonometric ratios and the graphical and algebraic representations of the corresponding trigonometric functions and between trigonometric functions and their reciprocals, and use these connections to solve problems;

  • 12.B.2.1 sketch the graphs of f(x) = sin x and f(x) = cos x for angle measures expressed in radians, and determine and describe some key properties (e.g., period of 2pi, amplitude of 1) in terms of radians

    • Find properties of sine functions ( 12-O.1 )
    • Graph sine functions ( 12-O.4 )
    • Find properties of cosine functions ( 12-O.5 )
    • Graph cosine functions ( 12-O.8 )
    • Graph sine and cosine functions ( 12-O.9 )
    • Symmetry and periodicity of trigonometric functions ( 12-P.2 )

  • 12.B.2.2 make connections between the tangent ratio and the tangent function by using technology to graph the relationship between angles in radians and their tangent ratios and defining this relationship as the function f(x) = tan x, and describe key properties of the tangent function

  • 12.B.2.3 graph, with technology and using the primary trigonometric functions, the reciprocal trigonometric functions (i.e., cosecant, secant, cotangent) for angle measures expressed in radians, determine and describe key properties of the reciprocal functions (e.g., state the domain, range, and period, and identify and explain the occurrence of asymptotes), and recognize notations used to represent the reciprocal functions [e.g., the reciprocal of f(x) = sin x can be represented using csc x, 1/f(x), or 1/sin x, but not using f to the -1 power (x) or sin to the -1 one power times x, which represent the inverse function]

    • Trigonometric identities I ( 12-P.3 )

  • 12.B.2.4 determine the amplitude, period, and phase shift of sinusoidal functions whose equations are given in the form f(x) = a sin (k(x – d)) + c or f(x) = a cos(k(x – d)) + c, with angles expressed in radians

    • Find properties of sine functions ( 12-O.1 )
    • Find properties of cosine functions ( 12-O.5 )

  • 12.B.2.5 sketch graphs of y = a sin (k(x – d)) + c and y = a cos(k(x – d)) + c by applying transformations to the graphs of f(x) = sin x and f(x) = cos x with angles expressed in radians, and state the period, amplitude, and phase shift of the transformed functions

    • Find properties of sine functions ( 12-O.1 )
    • Graph sine functions ( 12-O.4 )
    • Find properties of cosine functions ( 12-O.5 )
    • Graph cosine functions ( 12-O.8 )
    • Graph sine and cosine functions ( 12-O.9 )

  • 12.B.2.6 represent a sinusoidal function with an equation, given its graph or its properties, with angles expressed in radians

    • Write equations of sine functions from graphs ( 12-O.2 )
    • Write equations of sine functions using properties ( 12-O.3 )
    • Write equations of cosine functions from graphs ( 12-O.6 )
    • Write equations of cosine functions using properties ( 12-O.7 )

  • 12.B.2.7 pose problems based on applications involving a trigonometric function with domain expressed in radians (e.g., seasonal changes in temperature, heights of tides, hours of daylight, displacements for oscillating springs), and solve these and other such problems by using a given graph or a graph generated with or without technology from a table of values or from its equation

• 12.B.3 solve problems involving trigonometric equations and prove trigonometric identities.

  • 12.B.3.1 recognize equivalent trigonometric expressions [e.g., by using the angles in a right triangle to recognize that sin x and cos (pi/2 - x) are equivalent; by using transformations to recognize that cos (x + pi/2) and –sin x are equivalent], and verify equivalence using graphing technology

    • Complementary angle identities ( 12-P.1 )
    • Symmetry and periodicity of trigonometric functions ( 12-P.2 )
    • Trigonometric identities I ( 12-P.3 )
    • Trigonometric identities II ( 12-P.4 )

  • 12.B.3.2 explore the algebraic development of the compound angle formulas (e.g., verify the formulas in numerical examples, using technology; follow a demonstration of the algebraic development [student reproduction of the development of the general case is not required]), and use the formulas to determine exact values of trigonometric ratios [e.g., determining the exact value of sin (pi/12) by first rewriting it in terms of special angles as sin (pi/4 - pi/6)]

  • 12.B.3.3 recognize that trigonometric identities are equations that are true for every value in the domain (i.e., a counter-example can be used to show that an equation is not an identity), prove trigonometric identities through the application of reasoning skills, using a variety of relationships (e.g., tan x = sin x / cos x; sin²x + cos²x = 1; the reciprocal identities; the compound angle formulas), and verify identities using technology

    • Trigonometric identities I ( 12-P.3 )
    • Trigonometric identities II ( 12-P.4 )

  • 12.B.3.4 solve linear and quadratic trigonometric equations, with and without graphing technology, for the domain of real values from 0 to 2pi, and solve related problems

    • Solve trigonometric equations ( 12-N.9 )

12.C Polynomial and Rational Functions

• 12.C.1 identify and describe some key features of polynomial functions, and make connections between the numeric, graphical, and algebraic representations of polynomial functions;

  • 12.C.1.1 recognize a polynomial expression (i.e., a series of terms where each term is the product of a constant and a power of x with a nonnegative integral exponent, such as x³ – 5x² + 2x – 1); recognize the equation of a polynomial function, give reasons why it is a function, and identify linear and quadratic functions as examples of polynomial functions

    • Identify functions ( 12-A.2 )
    • Characteristics of quadratic functions ( 12-C.1 )

  • 12.C.1.2 compare, through investigation using graphing technology, the numeric, graphical, and algebraic representations of polynomial (i.e., linear, quadratic, cubic, quartic) functions (e.g., compare finite differences in tables of values; investigate the effect of the degree of a polynomial function on the shape of its graph and the maximum number of x-intercepts; investigate the effect of varying the sign of the leading coefficient on the end behaviour of the function for very large positive or negative x-values)

    • Graph a linear function ( 12-A.4 )
    • Characteristics of quadratic functions ( 12-C.1 )
    • Find the maximum or minimum value of a quadratic function ( 12-C.2 )
    • Graph a quadratic function ( 12-C.3 )
    • Match quadratic functions and graphs ( 12-C.4 )
    • Match polynomials and graphs ( 12-D.9 )

  • 12.C.1.3 describe key features of the graphs of polynomial functions (e.g., the domain and range, the shape of the graphs, the end behaviour of the functions for very large positive or negative x-values)

    • Characteristics of quadratic functions ( 12-C.1 )
    • Find the maximum or minimum value of a quadratic function ( 12-C.2 )
    • Graph a quadratic function ( 12-C.3 )
    • Match quadratic functions and graphs ( 12-C.4 )
    • Match polynomials and graphs ( 12-D.9 )

  • 12.C.1.4 distinguish polynomial functions from sinusoidal and exponential functions [e.g., f(x) = sin x, g(x) = 2 to the x power], and compare and contrast the graphs of various polynomial functions with the graphs of other types of functions

    • Match polynomials and graphs ( 12-D.9 )
    • Match exponential functions and graphs ( 12-G.3 )
    • Graph sine and cosine functions ( 12-O.9 )

  • 12.C.1.5 make connections, through investigation using graphing technology (e.g., dynamic geometry software), between a polynomial function given in factored form [e.g., f(x) = 2(x - 3)(x + 2)(x - 1)] and the x-intercepts of its graph, and sketch the graph of a polynomial function given in factored form using its key features (e.g., by determining intercepts and end behaviour; by locating positive and negative regions using test values between and on either side of the x-intercepts)

    • Write a polynomial from its roots ( 12-D.2 )
    • Find the roots of factored polynomials ( 12-D.3 )
    • Match polynomials and graphs ( 12-D.9 )

  • 12.C.1.6 determine, through investigation using technology, the roles of the parameters a, k, d, and c in functions of the form y = af (k(x - d)) + c, and describe these roles in terms of transformations on the graphs of f(x) = x³ and f(x) = x to the 4th power (i.e., vertical and horizontal translations; reflections in the axes; vertical and horizontal stretches and compressions to and from the x- and y-axes)

    • Translations of functions ( 12-B.1 )
    • Reflections of functions ( 12-B.2 )
    • Dilations of functions ( 12-B.3 )
    • Transformations of functions ( 12-B.4 )
    • Function transformation rules ( 12-B.5 )
    • Describe function transformations ( 12-B.6 )

  • 12.C.1.7 determine an equation of a polynomial function that satisfies a given set of conditions (e.g., degree of the polynomial, intercepts, points on the function), using methods appropriate to the situation (e.g., using the x-intercepts of the function; using a trial-and-error process with a graphing calculator or graphing software; using finite differences), and recognize that there may be more than one polynomial function that can satisfy a given set of conditions (e.g., an infinite number of polynomial functions satisfy the condition that they have three given x-intercepts)

    • Write a polynomial from its roots ( 12-D.2 )

  • 12.C.1.8 determine the equation of the family of polynomial functions with a given set of zeros and of the member of the family that passes through another given point [e.g., a family of polynomial functions of degree 3 with zeros 5, –3, and –2 is defined by the equation f(x) = k(x - 5)(x + 3)(x + 2), where k is a real number, k does not equal 0; the member of the family that passes through (–1, 24) is f(x) = –2(x - 5)(x + 3)(x + 2)]

    • Write a polynomial from its roots ( 12-D.2 )

  • 12.C.1.9 determine, through investigation, and compare the properties of even and odd polynomial functions [e.g., symmetry about the y-axis or the origin; the power of each term; the number of x-intercepts; f(x) = f(– x) or f(– x) = – f(x)], and determine whether a given polynomial function is even, odd, or neither

• 12.C.2 identify and describe some key features of the graphs of rational functions, and represent rational functions graphically;

  • 12.C.2.1 determine, through investigation with and without technology, key features (i.e., vertical and horizontal asymptotes, domain and range, intercepts, positive/negative intervals, increasing/decreasing intervals) of the graphs of rational functions that are the reciprocals of linear and quadratic functions, and make connections between the algebraic and graphical representations of these rational functions [e.g., make connections between f(x) = 1/(x² - 4) and its graph by using graphing technology and by reasoning that there are vertical asymptotes at x = 2 and x = –2 and a horizontal asymptote at y = 0 and that the function maintains the same sign as f(x) = x² – 4]

    • Rational functions: asymptotes and excluded values ( 12-E.1 )

  • 12.C.2.2 determine, through investigation with and without technology, key features (i.e., vertical and horizontal asymptotes, domain and range, intercepts, positive/negative intervals, increasing/decreasing intervals) of the graphs of rational functions that have linear expressions in the numerator and denominator [e.g., f(x) = 2x/(x - 3), h(x)= (x - 2)/(3x + 4)], and make connections between the algebraic and graphical representations of these rational functions

    • Rational functions: asymptotes and excluded values ( 12-E.1 )
    • Domain and range of radical functions ( 12-H.1 )

  • 12.C.2.3 sketch the graph of a simple rational function using its key features, given the algebraic representation of the function

• 12.C.3 solve problems involving polynomial and simple rational equations graphically and algebraically;

  • 12.C.3.1 make connections, through investigation using technology (e.g., computer algebra systems), between the polynomial function f(x), the divisor x – a, the remainder from the division f(x)/(x - a), and f(a) to verify the remainder theorem and the factor theorem

  • 12.C.3.2 factor polynomial expressions in one variable, of degree no higher than four, by selecting and applying strategies (i.e., common factoring, difference of squares, trinomial factoring, factoring by grouping, remainder theorem, factor theorem)

    • Factor sums and differences of cubes ( 12-D.10 )
    • Factor using a quadratic pattern ( 12-D.12 )

  • 12.C.3.3 determine, through investigation using technology (e.g., graphing calculator, computer algebra systems), the connection between the real roots of a polynomial equation and the x-intercepts of the graph of the corresponding polynomial function, and describe this connection [e.g., the real roots of the equation x to the 4th power – 13x² + 36 = 0 are the x-intercepts of the graph of f(x) = x to the 4th power – 13x² + 36]

    • Match polynomials and graphs ( 12-D.9 )

  • 12.C.3.4 solve polynomial equations in one variable, of degree no higher than four (e.g., 2x³ – 3x² + 8x – 12 = 0), by selecting and applying strategies (i.e., common factoring, difference of squares, trinomial factoring, factoring by grouping, remainder theorem, factor theorem), and verify solutions using technology (e.g., using computer algebra systems to determine the roots; using graphing technology to determine the x-intercepts of the graph of the corresponding polynomial function)

    • Solve equations with sums and differences of cubes ( 12-D.11 )
    • Solve equations using a quadratic pattern ( 12-D.13 )

  • 12.C.3.5 determine, through investigation using technology (e.g., graphing calculator, computer algebra systems), the connection between the real roots of a rational equation and the x-intercepts of the graph of the corresponding rational function, and describe this connection [e.g., the real root of the equation (x - 2)/(x - 3) = 0 is 2, which is the x-intercept of the function f(x) = (x - 2)/(x - 3); the equation 1/(x - 3) = 0 has no real roots, and the function f(x) = 1/(x - 3) does not intersect the x-axis]

  • 12.C.3.6 solve simple rational equations in one variable algebraically, and verify solutions using technology (e.g., using computer algebra systems to determine the roots; using graphing technology to determine the x-intercepts of the graph of the corresponding rational function)

    • Solve rational equations ( 12-E.2 )

  • 12.C.3.7 solve problems involving applications of polynomial and simple rational functions and equations [e.g., problems involving the factor theorem or remainder theorem, such as determining the values of k for which the function f(x) = x³ + 6x² + kx - 4 gives the same remainder when divided by x – 1 and x + 2]

• 12.C.4 demonstrate an understanding of solving polynomial and simple rational inequalities.

  • 12.C.4.1 explain, for polynomial and simple rational functions, the difference between the solution to an equation in one variable and the solution to an inequality in one variable, and demonstrate that given solutions satisfy an inequality (e.g., demonstrate numerically and graphically that the solution to (1/(x + 1)) less than (5 is x) less than -1 or x greater than -4/5);

  • 12.C.4.2 determine solutions to polynomial inequalities in one variable [e.g., solve f(x) ≥ 0, where f(x) = x³ – x² + 3x – 9] and to simple rational inequalities in one variable by graphing the corresponding functions, using graphing technology, and identifying intervals for which x satisfies the inequalities

  • 12.C.4.3 solve linear inequalities and factorable polynomial inequalities in one variable (e.g., (x³ + x²) greater than 0) in a variety of ways (e.g., by determining intervals using x-intercepts and evaluating the corresponding function for a single x-value within each interval; by factoring the polynomial and identifying the conditions for which the product satisfies the inequality), and represent the solutions on a number line or algebraically (e.g., for the inequality (x to the 4th power – 5x² + 4) less than 0, the solution represented algebraically is –2 less than x less than –1 or 1 less than x less than 2)

    • Graph solutions to quadratic inequalities ( 12-L.1 )
    • Solve quadratic inequalities ( 12-L.2 )
    • Graph solutions to higher-degree inequalities ( 12-L.3 )
    • Solve higher-degree inequalities ( 12-L.4 )

12.D Characteristics of Functions

• 12.D.1 demonstrate an understanding of average and instantaneous rate of change, and determine, numerically and graphically, and interpret the average rate of change of a function over a given interval and the instantaneous rate of change of a function at a given point;

  • 12.D.1.1 gather, interpret, and describe information about real-world applications of rates of change, and recognize different ways of representing rates of change (e.g., in words, numerically, graphically, algebraically)

  • 12.D.1.2 recognize that the rate of change for a function is a comparison of changes in the dependent variable to changes in the independent variable, and distinguish situations in which the rate of change is zero, constant, or changing by examining applications, including those arising from real-world situations (e.g., rate of change of the area of a circle as the radius increases, inflation rates, the rising trend in graduation rates among Aboriginal youth, speed of a cruising aircraft, speed of a cyclist climbing a hill, infection rates)

  • 12.D.1.3 sketch a graph that represents a relationship involving rate of change, as described in words, and verify with technology (e.g., motion sensor) when possible

  • 12.D.1.4 calculate and interpret average rates of change of functions (e.g., linear, quadratic, exponential, sinusoidal) arising from real-world applications (e.g., in the natural, physical, and social sciences), given various representations of the functions (e.g., tables of values, graphs, equations)

  • 12.D.1.5 recognize examples of instantaneous rates of change arising from real-world situations, and make connections between instantaneous rates of change and average rates of change (e.g., an average rate of change can be used to approximate an instantaneous rate of change)

  • 12.D.1.6 determine, through investigation using various representations of relationships (e.g., tables of values, graphs, equations), approximate instantaneous rates of change arising from real-world applications (e.g., in the natural, physical, and social sciences) by using average rates of change and reducing the interval over which the average rate of change is determined

  • 12.D.1.7 make connections, through investigation, between the slope of a secant on the graph of a function (e.g., quadratic, exponential, sinusoidal) and the average rate of change of the function over an interval, and between the slope of the tangent to a point on the graph of a function and the instantaneous rate of change of the function at that point

  • 12.D.1.8 determine, through investigation using a variety of tools and strategies (e.g., using a table of values to calculate slopes of secants or graphing secants and measuring their slopes with technology), the approximate slope of the tangent to a given point on the graph of a function (e.g., quadratic, exponential, sinusoidal) by using the slopes of secants through the given point (e.g., investigating the slopes of secants that approach the tangent at that point more and more closely), and make connections to average and instantaneous rates of change

  • 12.D.1.9 solve problems involving average and instantaneous rates of change, including problems arising from real-world applications, by using numerical and graphical methods (e.g., by using graphing technology to graph a tangent and measure its slope)

• 12.D.2 determine functions that result from the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of two functions and from the composition of two functions, describe some properties of the resulting functions, and solve related problems;

  • 12.D.2.1 determine, through investigation using graphing technology, key features (e.g., domain, range, maximum/minimum points, number of zeros) of the graphs of functions created by adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing functions [e.g., f(x) = 2 to the -x power sin 4x, g(x) = x² + 2 to the x power, h(x) = (sin x)/(cos x)], and describe factors that affect these properties

    • Add, subtract, multiply and divide functions ( 12-A.10 )

  • 12.D.2.2 recognize real-world applications of combinations of functions (e.g., the motion of a damped pendulum can be represented by a function that is the product of a trigonometric function and an exponential function; the frequencies of tones associated with the numbers on a telephone involve the addition of two trigonometric functions), and solve related problems graphically

    • Composition of functions ( 12-A.11 )

  • 12.D.2.3 determine, through investigation, and explain some properties (i.e., odd, even, or neither; increasing/decreasing behaviours) of functions formed by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing general functions [e.g., f(x) + g(x), f(x)g(x)]

  • 12.D.2.4 determine the composition of two functions [i.e., f(g(x))] numerically (i.e., by using a table of values) and graphically, with technology, for functions represented in a variety of ways (e.g., function machines, graphs, equations), and interpret the composition of two functions in real-world applications

    • Composition of functions ( 12-A.11 )

  • 12.D.2.5 determine algebraically the composition of two functions [i.e., f(g(x))], verify that f(g(x)) is not always equal to g(f(x)) [e.g., by determining f(g(x)) and g(f(x)), given f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = 2x], and state the domain [i.e., by defining f(g(x)) for those x-values for which g(x) is defined and for which it is included in the domain of f(x)] and the range of the composition of two functions

    • Composition of functions ( 12-A.11 )

  • 12.D.2.6 solve problems involving the composition of two functions, including problems arising from real-world applications

    • Composition of functions ( 12-A.11 )

  • 12.D.2.7 demonstrate, by giving examples for functions represented in a variety of ways (e.g., function machines, graphs, equations), the property that the composition of a function and its inverse function maps a number onto itself [i.e., f to the -1 power (f(x)) = x and f(f to the -1 power (x)) = x demonstrate that the inverse function is the reverse process of the original function and that it undoes what the function does]

    • Identify inverse functions ( 12-A.12 )
    • Find values of inverse functions from tables ( 12-A.13 )
    • Find values of inverse functions from graphs ( 12-A.14 )
    • Find inverse functions and relations ( 12-A.15 )

  • 12.D.2.8 make connections, through investigation using technology, between transformations (i.e., vertical and horizontal translations; reflections in the axes; vertical and horizontal stretches and compressions to and from the x- and y-axes) of simple functions f(x) [e.g., f(x) = x to the 3rd power + 20, f(x) = sin x, f(x) = log x] and the composition of these functions with a linear function of the form g(x) = A(x + B)

    • Translations of functions ( 12-B.1 )
    • Reflections of functions ( 12-B.2 )
    • Dilations of functions ( 12-B.3 )
    • Transformations of functions ( 12-B.4 )
    • Function transformation rules ( 12-B.5 )
    • Describe function transformations ( 12-B.6 )

• 12.D.3 compare the characteristics of functions, and solve problems by modelling and reasoning with functions, including problems with solutions that are not accessible by standard algebraic techniques.

  • 12.D.3.1 compare, through investigation using a variety of tools and strategies (e.g., graphing with technology; comparing algebraic representations; comparing finite differences in tables of values) the characteristics (e.g., key features of the graphs, forms of the equations) of various functions (i.e., polynomial, rational, trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic)

    • Linear functions over unit intervals ( 12-A.6 )
    • Exponential functions over unit intervals ( 12-G.9 )
    • Describe linear and exponential growth and decay ( 12-G.10 )

  • 12.D.3.2 solve graphically and numerically equations and inequalities whose solutions are not accessible by standard algebraic techniques

  • 12.D.3.3 solve problems, using a variety of tools and strategies, including problems arising from real-world applications, by reasoning with functions and by applying concepts and procedures involving functions (e.g., by constructing a function model from data, using the model to determine mathematical results, and interpreting and communicating the results within the context of the problem)

    • Exponential growth and decay: word problems ( 12-G.11 )
    • Compound interest: word problems ( 12-G.12 )
    • Continuously compounded interest: word problems ( 12-G.13 )

Canadian Grade 12 Mathematics Textbook Pdf

Source: https://ca.ixl.com/standards/ontario/math/grade-12

Posted by: jacksonthly1979.blogspot.com

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